Corrugated Box Industry

CASE STUDY: EDMUNDS CORRUGATED PARTS AND SERVICES. Larry Edmunds grimaced as he tossed his company’s latest quarterly earnings onto his desk. When Virginia-based Edmunds Corrugated Parts & Service Company’s sales surged past the $10 million mark a while back, he was certain the company was well positioned for steady growth. Today, the company, which provided precision machine parts and service to the domestic corrugated box industry, still enjoys a dominant market share and is showing profit, although not quite the profit seen in years past.However, it is no longer possible to ignore the fact that revenues were beginning to show clear signs of stagnation. More than two decades ago, Larry’s grandfather loaned him the money to start the business and then handed over the barn on what has been the family’s Shenandoah Valley farm to serve as his first factory. Today, he operates from a 50,000 square-foot factory located near I-81 just a few miles from that old barn. The business allowed him to realize what had once seemed an almost impossible goal: He was making a good living without having to leave his close-knit extended family and rural roots.He also felt a sense of satisfaction at employing about 100 people, many of them neighbors. They were among the most hard-working, loyal workers you’d find anywhere. However, many of his original employees were now nearing retirement. Replacing those skilled workers was going to be difficult, he realized from experience. The area’s brightest and best young people were much more likely to move away in search of employment than their parents had been. Those who remained behind just didn’t seem to have the work ethic Larry had come to expect in his employees.He didn’t feel pressured by the emergence of any new direct competitors. After slipping slightly a couple years ago, Edmunds’s formidable market share – based on its reputation for reliability and excepti onal, personalized service – was holding steady at 75 percent. He did feel plagued, however, by higher raw material costs resulting from the steep increase in steel prices. But the main source of concern stemmed from changes in the box industry itself. The industry had never been particularly recession resistant, with demand fluctuating with manufacturing output.Now alternative shipping products were beginning to make their appearance, mostly flexible plastic films and reusable plastic containers. It remained to be seen how much of a dent they’d make in the demand for boxes. More worrying, consolidation in the paper industry had wiped out hundreds of the U. S. plants that Edmunds once served, with many of the survivors either opening overseas facilities or entering into joint ventures abroad. The surviving manufacturers were investing in higher quality machines that broke down less frequently, thus requiring fewer of Edmund’s parts.Still, he had to admit that al though the highly fragmented U. S. corrugated box industry certainly qualified as a mature one, no one seriously expected U. S. manufacturers to be dislodged from their position as major producers for both the domestic and export markets. Edmunds was clearly at a crossroads. If Larry wanted that steady growth he’d assumed he could count on not so long ago, he suspect that business as usual wasn’t going to work. But if he wanted the company to grow, what was the best way to achieve that goal?All he knew for sure was that once he decided where to take the company from here, he would sleep better. QUESTIONS 1. What would the SWOT analysis look like for this company? 2. What role do you expect the Internet to play in the corrugated box industry? What are some ways that Edmunds could better use the Internet to foster growth? 3. Which of Porter’s competitive strategies would you recommend that Edmunds follow? Which of the strategies do you think would be least likely to succeed?

Coach Knight vs Coach Krzyszewski Essay

In the contemporary business world, there are many different styles of leaderships. All of them are approaches used by individuals, which are based on their values, preferences and beliefs but also on organizational culture and norms which encourage some styles and discourage others. Leadership styles work most efficiently if they are adapted to the demands of the situation, the requirements of the involved people and the challenges facing the organization. There is a difference in ways leaders approach their employees. In the analysis of Coach Knight and of Coach Krzyszewski’s leadership types, the authors sketch two successful leaders who were great achievers despite huge differences in their leadership styles. Couch Knight led through intimidation and tough discipline while Coach K. through positive reinforcement, trust and confidence. a) Describe Coach Krzyszewski’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation, leading and human nature? Coach Krzyszewski had one rule, he and his basketball team followed: â€Å"Don’t do anything that’s detrimental to yourself. Because if it’s detrimental to you, it‘ll be detrimental to our program and to Duke University.† He believed that having too many rules keep leaders from making decisions, and instead of allowing them to be flexible and dynamic, they limit them. He is truly a leader with few simple rules which help him to build a successful team and become one of the famous trainers in the basketball history. As the West Point graduate he breathed the three main virtues: honesty, honor and discipline. And discipline was one of the basic traits every one of his team players had to learn. Being one of the best Coach Knight’s students, he never underestimated the importance of preparation. He also expected the same from each of his boys â€Å"(†¦) to do what they are supposed to do in the best possible manner at the time they are suppose to do†. Coach Krzyszewski assisted his team at each exercise and game; he studied and practiced with them any possible strategy. But he was more than just trainer of his team. He managed to establish an instant trust and common respect within the whole team. He invested time in â€Å"getting inside player’s head, understanding, where (the player) comes from and helping him get to where all need to be as a team†. His taught and practiced an open and close communication with and within his team; he didn’t use whistle and always looked straight into ones eyes when one was talking to him. This principle was lived by everyone in the team, including the Coach. This way he encouraged and enforced the honest communication. Yes – Coach K. was imprinted by honesty, another West Point virtue. His primary motivator was not fear but values, and the biggest among them were: friendship, family and love. Father to three daughters and a whole basketball team, as he used to joke, he didn’t shy away from showing his feelings for his players and the game. And as fathers are, although caring and advising, also just and punishing in the situations which required such actions. This Coach truly believed that people are good, self-motivated and they deserve being treated with respect, love and care – these were the values he learnt at home where â€Å"sharing with one another and caring for one another was all about it†. b) Describe Coach Knight’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation, leading and human nature? Comparing to his student, the master Coach Knight was a so called: â€Å"tough guy†. He motto was: â€Å" follow the rules, do exactly what I tell you and you will not loose.† He did not accept any opposition and told his players often: â€Å"Boys, you have to listen to me!†. Coach Knight did not accept from his players anything but the best, and this – all the time. He was intense and passionate about all he did. He was never satisfied with their results, and he pushed them always more to the edge of their physical and mental capabilities. There was no place for a mistake, he had no understanding for imperfection; he used to say: â€Å"If a coach tolerates a mistake, kids will be satisfied with mistakes†. As a former West Point disciplinarian, Coach Knight never stopped to be a soldier and his passion for winning never left him. He led and won his little battles using his own team, thus probably often called by his fans: â€Å"General†. Very demanding, obsessed with hard work and preparation, he used punishment and threat as his primary motivator. His definition of discipline was: â€Å"to do what you have to do, and do it as well as you possibly can, and do it that way all the time.† The same motto, that one of his best students: Coach K. acquired and followed in his successful life as a basketball coach – how differently though! Father to two boys, he didn’t treat them differently than his basketball players – motivating them the same way by using harsh language, push-ups, shouting and intimidation. Being a tyrant, he still was a parent with the â€Å"tough love† approach. In his own special way, he took care of his â€Å"boys†, even if he didn’t show it openly. When one of his players got injured in an accident, he raised money to support him and his family. Even if very few of his students appreciated his way of showing the affection, many of them stayed in touch with him after they left school, what he considered as the best reward for being a coach. Many of them became great players and many years after, thanked him and credited him as one of the most important mentors they ever had. Coach Knight, the great achiever, believed that people can never be successful without being strictly supervised, threatened and pushed over their limits. c) Who is more effective? Why? It is easy to compare leadership styles of both coaches, Coach Krzyszewski and Coach Knight, since they are so different from each other. And it is hard to believe that one of them was the teacher of the other one. To answer the question which of these styles is more effective is not so easy and straightforward though. Both men are passionate about their jobs, very disciplined. Both care very much about their players beyond the basketball court. They are successful in their long carriers, have their followers and fans and are acknowledged not only as top basketball coaches but as leadership teachers. Both are authentic and equally effective as leaders, although there may be different situations when one or the other leadership style, they present, is preferred. d) Under what conditions would you hire Coach K? Coach Knight? I believe that the leadership style of Coach Krzyszewski would be much more appreciated in organizations where team work, creativity, openness, good communication and flexibility are encouraged. Organizations, which motivate and support their employee’s development, let them take the responsibility and decide the way to achieve it. Coach Knight would be a very good choice for companies with clear structures and centered responsibilities, where the compliance is rewarded and any signs of rejection are punished. He would be a perfect leader for groups where individual and highly performing work is preferred over team work and communication, as for example: in a sales team. In such groups, each member works against time and responsibility for the accomplished work is centered. Leaders in these types of organizations do not use feedback to encourage their employees, and motivation is based on threat and fear. Organizations, where one is respected and not necessarily liked, would very likely consider hiring Coach Knight.

Rubics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rubics - Essay Example Rubrics have a wider range of applications; so its importance of teaching sector cannot be ignored. The first and foremost fact about the usage of rubric connected to number assessment criteria used. Usual assessment based on single standard gets replaced with multiple measures. For example when a paper is evaluated to give scores, it will be better if various skills and inclusions are scored separately to get a resultant overall valuation. â€Å"Scoring rubrics are especially useful in assessment for learning because they contain qualitative descriptions of performance criteria that work well within the process of formative evaluation† (Tierney & Simon, 2004, para.1). The fragmented analysis helps in developing a better evaluation procedure supporting both sections of people. The person being assessed will have idea about factors and features being considered for giving him his scores while the examiner will have an easier task as he knows what have to be considered for scori ng. The method of rubrics provides a comfortable and additional branched explanation for estimation. Also, a provision for analysis by different persons is posed through this approach of valuation. The same objectives of a single person valued by more than judges create a competitive and efficient assessment result. Another purpose with rubric is to educe decisive criticism prior to final scoring judgment. The numerical scoring given for each criterion will help the examined individual to understand his flaws and benefits. The most noted use of rubric in academics is regarding the curriculum and syllabus objectives. The scoring, for each expected development through a course, given will help in reaching on effectual learning and teaching criticism. The rubric constructed below is used for the evaluation of special education website. A website with scores for all criteria as 3 will be the best

Analysis of the Film The 11th Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of the Film The 11th Hour - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of the Film The 11th Hour" overviews the film about the irreparable damage caused to the world by the industrial civilization. The speed with which natural resources are depleting is enormous. Habitats of many animal and plant species have been completely destroyed by the global warming, thus causing those species to become extinct. The development is highly unsustainable. If necessary measures are not taken at the 11th hour, the whole world would soon have to regret their unwise and inconsiderate practices. In order to fight against the ever-worsening environmental conditions, it is imperative that we, as responsible citizens, take objective measures on an individual level. We can achieve this by planting seeds, growing trees, and taking care of animals. Solar energy should be used for all kinds of needs instead of fuel and gas. The film projects that these issues are more of political nature than technical. Historically, there have been many political reasons fo r the environment unfriendly practices. The film conveys that the future of Earth lies in the hands of the young generation. What I specifically liked about this movie was the mood in which it conveyed the message. For quite some time, I felt as if I had been watching a great action movie. The action was particularly meaningful because it offered the audience a look into the future. I also like the title of this movie very much. It has been very adequately and purposefully selected and goes excellently with the theme of the movie.

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Trade - Essay Example Political realities do influence international trade. Countries that are facing political instability are most avoided for trade as there is great deal of uncertainty there, nobody knows when their policies do get amended and the trading partner has to face loss. Trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas are other political tools that are used by governments to control the amount and composition of international trade happening in their economy (Oh & Reuveny, 2010). There are also some countries that avoid much trade with each other due to their rivalry and differences that eventually affect their economies. India and Pakistan, besides being neighboring countries avoid much trade with each other. However, unofficial trade continues between them for many years amounting around billions of dollars. US has imposed embargo over Cuba (Schwab, 1999); at the same time ongoing trade between mainland China and Taiwan shows an example that trade can even flourish even in the presence of hostile relations (Yu, 1997). This world has now become a global village and there is huge interdependence of countries on one another. Under developed, developing and developed nations all require trade with each other to grow, sustain and flourish their nations. Importance of no nation can be undermine thus limitations of political influence is a better idea. As for today, no nation can survive and grow in isolationism (Fioretos,

Changes Made to America Society during WWII Essay

Changes Made to America Society during WWII - Essay Example The Second World War brought various changes in America. The war affected all the spheres of life including economic, political and social life. Economically, the economy was strained since all the efforts were aimed at winning the war(Kennedy, 2005).The war led to various to effects on labour, and the government came up with various policies to support the economy and the much-needed resources and labour. Controls were put on the economy, the most crucial ones being the price controls put on most products by the office of price administration and wage control (Mansfied, 1951). Hence, goods were sold at the set prices and traders had no autonomy to set their prices. Employee wages were controlled to specific ranges and amounts. A rationing system was introduced to provide for minimum amounts of necessities to everyone so as to prevent inflation that was eminent due to over production of industrial goods and low production of necessities (Kersten, 2000). Rationed goods included rubber, due to the interruption of natural rubber; gasoline with limits being set on the amount of fuel one could use, food items and, as a result, ration coupons were introduced to purchase basic food items such as milk, sugar, margarine. Every household booked rations while taking into consideration the number of family members. The children guided each family on the amount of rationed goods they would receive. The production of most durable goods like cars and house appliances were banned until the end of the war.

Biography of Peter Paul Rubens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biography of Peter Paul Rubens - Essay Example His parents Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelinckx left Antwerp because it was largely Spanish and dominated by the Catholic Church; they were Calvinists. Rubens’ father was nearly killed because of an affair with the princess of Orange, but Maria was able to have her husband released with the acceptance that the family would be exiled to Siegen, Westphalia. It was in Siegen that their last child would be born, who was Peter Paul (Rubens par. 3). Rubens’ education came from the humanists and he was also an art collector in his own right. He was a diplomat as well and was knighted by two kings: Philip IV, the king of Spain and King Charles I, who was at that time the king of England (Rubens par. 2). Rubens studied Latin and classical literature. At the age of 14, Rubens studied art as an apprentice under Tobias Verhaeght and under two artists that lived in the city, Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen (â€Å"Biography† par. 4). One of the ways that Rubens began his art was to copy the art of other artists. He was very interested in woodcuts by â€Å"Hans Holbein the Younger and Marcantonio Raimondis engravings† (Rubens â€Å"Biography† par. 4). Between 1600 and 1608, Rubens traveled to Italy and he studied the paintings of Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto who would influence his later paintings. He eventually went to Mantua and became part of the court of duke Vincenzo I of Gonzaga. With the duke financing him, he was able to go to Rome and Florence. He studied Greek and Roman Art and began to copy the work of Italian master artists. Eventually Rubens would have several experiences in Italy that would impact his work and he basically fell in love with the language and the people of this area (Rubens â€Å"Biography†). Rubens died May 30, 1640 of gout and left eight children and a wife behind. He was buried in Saint Jacobs church in Antwerp (Rubens â€Å"Biography† par. 20). The â€Å"Wolf and Fox Hunt† was one of a series

Westen Civilization. Christianity, ts rise and development within the Essay

Westen Civilization. Christianity, ts rise and development within the Roman Empire - Essay Example The period of civilization was marked by emergence of certain events such; fall of Romans empire, decline in population size in rural areas as most people migrates towards the cities. Additionally, the story expounds the issue of customary as well as providing a sharp insight of ideas, peoples and their cultural change over the past years (Hunt, PP 9-15). Western civilization had been broadly divided into subsection namely; civilization of the ancient world, civilization in the Mediaeval; periods as well civilization of early modern society (Hunt, Para 4). In above connection, the study will focus on the onset of western society since the earlier periods up to 17th century by scrutinizing on various changes in religion and culture (Hunt, Para-1).Therefore, this study will provide a sharp insight on how western civilization affected the rise and development of Roman Empire. Additionally, the study will provide an explanation of how Christianity was influenced by Romans Religious pract ices as well as the most important elements of conversation of the empire to Christianity. How was Christianity affected by its rise and development within the Roman Empire? The rise of western civilization affected Christianity within the Romans Empire in numerous ways. For instance, some religious wars erupted as people struggled for power and leadership (Hunt, P-159). A religious war erupted between the Turks and the Holy Roman Empire and another one emerged between Spanish and Muslims. Additionally, another religious war was reported to erupt between missionaries and Hussite (Hunt, P-549).In above connection, the Roman emperor viewed Christianity as a political force that aimed at taking leadership and powers away from him and therefore, Christians were prosecuted during this period of western civilization (Hunt, PP, 549-705).This further led to decline in number of Christians as many people feared to be prosecuted by the Romans government. However, even after medieval era and t he fall of Romans Empire, Christianity continued to prosper and the new leadership that came into place supported Christianity (Hunt, PP, 549-705). Through western civilization; the Roman Empire was able to absorb Christianity despite the fact that there were rivals between Pagans and Christians. For example after the fall of Romans Empire, Christianity becomes fully dominant within the Empire (Hunt, PP, 605). This further led to the development of Romans Catholic church which later established its roots in various parts of the world (Hunt, PP 549-705). In above connection, it can be scrutinized that western civilization affected Christianity in the manner in which people believed in God, this in turn affected the Romans Empire as people started believe that there was only one God unlike before when they used to believe in existance of numerous gods (Hunt, P-608). This indicates that Western civilization brought a transition on the way people perceived God. They moved from Polytheis m to Monotheism (Hunt, P-704). In above connection, through western civilization Christians within the Roman Empire were able to become united. For example, after the fall of previous leadership, Emperor Constantine who took over the leadership saw the church as one of the most significant unifying factors. He therefore used the church to unite the people by bringing people from different cultural and religious background together (Hunt, P-625). According to Emperor Constantine, the church could not unify the empire at that time but could have helped to unify the people and this could have made his leadership a beat easier (Hunt, P- 549). He

Why might some SME owners give more preference to family involvement Essay

Why might some SME owners give more preference to family involvement in the management of SMEs compared to others - Essay Example ssary ambition to devote their skills in ensuring that the businesses survives the threats of the environment to achieve growth and the overall maximisation of profits (Eisenhardt 2009, p. 78). The following discussion shall evaluate on the several aspects that SME owners evaluate to resolve on the appointment of family members to the management of the businesses as of importance. With the growing competition and the need to grow the segments of operations in order to yield and accrue the benefits born to economies of scale, SME owners acknowledge that managerial positions should be directed to family members since they have a stake in the businesses. Small microenterprise businesses contribute to the biggest percentage of all global businesses. Therefore, competition is evident for each of the business seeks to prosper in growth and profitability over other common and many other entities with similar production and market objectives (Habbershon, Williams, & MacMillan2003, p. 87). SME owners are knowledgeable of the fact that other similar businesses in their segment of operation may engage in unethical ways to amass relevant, but secret information that will serve for the benefit of the competitors. The practice of appointing learned family members to such positions is the fact that the owners are knowledgeable of the positive influences such individuals bear (Gomez-Meja, Nunez-Nickel, & Gutierrez 2011, p. 90). Notably, the appointment of family members following a certain protocol of tangible and intangible forms of incentives serve for the benefit of the organization since such managers realize the importance in ensuring successful outcomes and limited threats to their organisations (Martà ­nez, Stà ¶hr, & Quiroga, 2007, p. 90). Agreements signed entitle an individual to manage the SME as a family business and further as an honourable job position with its interest after some time without necessarily being physically active (Eisenhardt 2009, p. 88). This helps

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay To tackle this topical issue, it is fairly relevant to first of all define some key terminology employed in contextual jargon as regards the question at hand. At the fore, a juvenile can be said to be a minor of such age as may be stipulated by a particular state, usually below the age of sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years, who may be in the frame of mind to willfully conceive criminal intent whilst perpetrating a crime, be it in the form of a robbery, murder or assorted other criminal acts. Along the same line, ‘juvenile crime’ denotes several offences committed by the said minors (less than 18 years), infamously referred to as juvenile delinquency, and may include acts which would be considered ‘crimes’ if committed by adults, and misbehavior like disobedience to parents and authorities or even instances of truancy. As may be warranted by prevailing circumstance, such youthful offenders may be put to trial as either full-blown adults or simply in a capacity as juveniles, as influenced by a variety of factors, inclusive of the severity of the crime in question. For the more weighty crimes, the juvenile offender may be tried in either a juvenile or adult court, then subsequently incarcerated among the adults or juveniles, as the presiding judge may deem fit. More serious criminal offences may even spell out prison sentences for the ‘minor’ (Stafford, 1991). However, the root causes of juvenile delinquency remain a baffling mystery, as clear-cut reasons are yet to be outlined for the same. However, it is clear that the major causes of delinquency are the use of alcohol and abuse of drugs and substances. Some theorists pen a myriad of intervention mechanisms to aid in arresting this situation before it grows into being the downfall of youths the world over. In this reaction paper, I endeavor to handle each of these issues, one at a time (Shaw, 1942).). Drug trafficking has become the major source of violence in the country with rival gangs engaging in extreme violence that sometimes leads to fatality. Drug abusers sometimes results to crime in order to acquire money to satisfy their addictions since drugs are expensive. Furthermore, drugs alienate one from reality and leads to aggressive behavior which results to violence or misdemeanor. A lot of attention has been given in this area and extensive findings exist. However, it is clear that there is room for more to be done since this existing literature has not resulted to a dramatic decrease from behavior that is considered wrong in society. Furthermore, there seems to be little or inadequate research on the effect of to younger siblings if their older counterparts are abusers of alcohol and drugs (Kuntsche et al, 2009). Causal Relationships Diverse theories have been put forth as relates to the chief reasons why there is the onset of juvenile tendencies in the first place, and why this eventually metamorphosis’s into criminality in the long run. Among those advanced include schools of thought which are modeled around historical and modern – day scenarios. These theoretical traditions range from deliberations on; Theories:   Early theories – these peg the juvenile tendencies to the forces of nature, for example, spiritual beings and even demons. Key aspects in this arena include deliberations on naturalism (the science relating human affairs and eventual behavior to interactions with the forces of nature) and spiritualism, whereby deviance and criminal tendencies can be pegged to influences of nature, and the perpetrator’s inappropriate connection with supernatural powers that be. In this theory, offenses were considered to be against nature itself The Classical theory, which goes on to rationalize personal choice, brings to focus the issue of humanitarianism. Theorists here are of the stance that proven perpetrators ought to be held personally accountable for their delinquent acts, and that punishment was best administered accordingly. This was based on the premises that humans are by nature reasonably rational, criminality being morally wrong and outlawed in society, and also that the civil society would play its role of disciplining wrong-doers as a form of deterrent mechanism, with such punishment being proportionate to the crime at hand (Loeber, 1989). Biological theories, which detail the physiological developmental traits of juveniles, in relation to their physical development, mental (under) development, or even hereditary characteristics, and their eventual impact on human behavior. It holds that some people are naturally-inclined toward being deviant, and that it is woven-into their genes, with little or no chance of altering this state of being. The point of note here is that delinquency and its roots are traced to a person’s physical/ physiological predisposition, as opposed mainly to the question of free will. Chief among these are theories dealing with hereditary issues (heredity), evolution of man and his characteristics (atavism), as well as, The development of certain bodily traits that are common amongst people already oriented toward behaving in a particular manner (somatotyping), to name but a few. Psychological theories – these touch on psychopathic personalities, correlation between dysfunctional and/ or troubled childhoods and the prevalence of the juvenile mannerisms in individuals. These also ascribe deviant behavior to one’s surrounding environment, as may be influenced by chemical interplay in the brain, or an assorted number of reasons. Here, it is necessary to   point out that delinquents may not have a sense of right or wrong as they go about their deviant actions, and that not only can’t they control themselves, but also, their personalities border being christened ‘abnormal’, and the root of such can be re-traced back to their age as little children. These include; Psychopathology, which relates one’s lack of a viable conscience to deviant mannerisms and also, the dys-functioning of given personalities, conditioning, which details the response to stimulating factors prevalent in the environment, and Psychoanalysis, dealing with incomplete development of one’s personality. Sociological theories – serve to link deviance to societal interactions and also the already existing caste structures, not to mention the inherent disparities in existence between the level of achieving goals and objectives and actually being in a position to go about the same. These include; Differential Association theory, which deals with ways in which we as humans have the tendency of picking up all manner of behavior from those around us. It further posits that delinquency is an acquired behavior that is adopted from lifestyles of varying criminals. The Structural/ Social Ecology theory, as pertains to structural conditions in a given area that may play a pivotal role in shaping the mental framework of individuals inhabiting that area. These include; overcrowding, unemployment, poor housing, poverty, sub-standard sanitation, and last but not least, illegitimate births. Strain and anomie theory; anomie details the aspect of lack of norms in society, especially in instances where there may be experienced some upheavals like wars and the like. When this materializes, the traditional customs and regulations are no longer abided by. Conversely, Strain refers to a situation whereby there already exists a standard set of acceptable goals and means of achieving the same. The inherent problem however, is that not all members of society have the necessary resources to go about meeting this end, thus, a scenario of need is created with some members literally straining to make ends meet, as it were. Thus, lack of opportunity and inequality can be zoned off as the major bones of contention here. Critical theory – has a lot to do with forces of subjugation in society, and also the capitalistic nature of shrewd individuals. Societal inequities play a major role in molding the character and adaptive mind-state of given persons, more so in the earlier years right after one begins the journey to discover him/ herself.   This is further broken down into; Radical criminology; this has the general proposition that since the wealth and power in society have been inequitably distributed, then, those less economically empowered will ultimately seek out alternative modes, mostly of criminal nature, so as to achieve whatever it is they are in (dire) need of. This situation is set to persist until control mechanisms are put in place by society to ensure that all and sundry are catered for as pertains to the same. Conflict theory; the main assumption is that societal conflicts and tensions are part and parcel of society in general. There thus arises a distinctive classification of peoples, pitting the haves against the have-nots, with the latter being tagged in a relatively negative light. The theory posits that there subsequently arises the need for specialized institutions that can be employed to maintain a certain degree of law and order in society. Thus, in a nutshell, this theory serves to deliberate the economic tensions created, focus being placed on the political and economic systems in existence.

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation INTRODUCTION Employees are organizations, best asset as stated in American Psychological Association, 2006. The businesses of todays market emphasize on how to motivate subordinates in order to create productive and high-quality work environment. The case study states different methods to advance staff motivation for the satisfaction and increase in work performance of changing work environment. In Part A, the study involves the application of Herzbergs Two-Factor theory, Lockes Goal-Setting theory and Job design theory in a telecommunication firm called O2. O2 is a leading provider of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses in the UK To understand the theories of work motivation, the case study interprets the structured interview of an O2 sales advisor. After analysing the interview; suggestions were made to enhance the sale advisors work motivation. In Part B, there is a discussion on identifying the national culture differences and compare whether they would be effective for the Indian working environment from that of Part A. The theories are compared to a sales advisor of an Indian telecommunication industry named Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. JOB DESCRIPTION The sales advisor at O2 in the UK is responsible for the promotion of the companys products and its brand to potential customers, including solving their problems and tackling their complaints. The job role is designed to meet the targets and the person should possess good communication skills and should be confident (Randstad, 2010). The daily duty for the position is consisted of client reception, product and service introduction, selling phones and business contracts signing. THEORIES TO INCREASE WORK MOTIVATION In order to understand more about the job role, we interviewed Mr Ademola Abimbola who presently works as a sales advisor in O2 (see appendix exhibit 1). From the interviews, it can be seen that numerous methods of improving work motivation has been applied in O2, yet there is a possibility to increase it by using Goal-Setting theory and Herzbergs two-factor to enhance performance and satisfactory need. In this part the three theories will be analyzed and evaluated. HERZBERG Creating a good working environment internally and externally is essential for a personnel. From the interview, it appears that the environment for O2s workplace is likely to be improved by adopting Herzberg two-factor theory. This theory was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959, who introduced five motivators, such as achievement and recognition, to contribute people toward satisfaction and another five hygiene factors containing company policy, supervision and other elements, associated with peoples unsatisfactory in their jobs (Robbins and Judge, 2001, pp.212-214). It is suggested that businesses should use intrinsic motivators to increase subordinates satisfaction that improves extrinsic working conditions not to make people dissatisfied. Nevertheless, it seems that job satisfaction does not contribute to job productivity; but the theory assumes that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2001, p214). JOB CHARACTERISTIC MODEL Mr. Abimbola is given responsibility and autonomy to some extent, yet job characteristics model (JCM) may make him reach a higher level and thus Job Design will be introduced. Hackman and Oldhams JCM is based on job enlargement and job enrichment to address five core dimensions skill variety, task identify, task significance, autonomy and feedback to lead to favourable work motivation, performance, satisfaction and low absenteeism and turnover by cultivating experienced meaningfulness, responsibility and knowledge of results (Grant and Parker, 2009, p.320). Accordingly, this model can be introduced to improve satisfaction and performance. Whereas it seems powerful among work design theories, there are critique and limitations. Aldag, Barr and Brief (1981) argued that relationship between job characteristics and work outcomes was not strong. Furthermore, one paper addressed that the model did not obviously lead to job satisfaction when the employee concerned more about welfare (Robb ins and Judge, 2001, p.271). GOAL SETTING Goal Setting is an effective method to lead a positive effect over a period of time (Tolchinsky and King, 1980, p.455). Goal Setting is introduced to motivate employees at O2. According to Locke and Lathams Goal Setting theory (1990), staff setting is clear and difficult goal will improve higher performance than staff setting their own goals (McCracken and Brown, 2010, p29). When employees are assigned to their targets, their behaviour towards it depends on the degree of their conscious acceptance (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.824). Therefore, the theory concludes that personnel performs better in the job when they receive feedbacks (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220) and suggests commitment to goals. However, there is criticism of this theory that it might be effective for simple jobs with few goals than a managerial job with many tasks; particularly when the tasks were difficult to be measured (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.842). Moreover, another study argued the effectiveness of Goal-Setting that might be from different culture; but it may be effective for cultures with low power distance but not workable for countries with high uncertainty avoidance (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220). In addition, satisfaction, turnover and absenteeism are not stated in the theory; which is another limitation. Goal setting has many limitations while it may be one of the most influential theories of motivation. Only few studies dispute that setting a specific and difficult goal contributes to higher productivity (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.236). CHOICE OF PREFFERED CHANGES HERZBERGS THEORY OF MOTIVATION Frederick Herzberg conducted various studies on the working environment of employees and factors leading to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction. With the help of these studies, he found out that factors that were causing job satisfaction were not the same as the factors causing job dissatisfaction. He termed the factors causing satisfaction as motivators and the factors causing dissatisfaction as hygiene factors. Motivators include factors such as growth, achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself and responsibility. Hygiene factors include supervision, company policy, salary, work conditions and internal relationships shared with employees (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.212) It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. Psychological needs are connected to the emotions of an employee that are important to succeed and achieve the goals. These needs motivate an employee to grow in the organisation. Physiological needs are the materialistic needs of an employee. They can be fulfilled by providing material benefits. After conducting interviews (see exhibit 1), it is observed that the working environment of O2 includes various forms of motivators as well as hygiene factor. At O2 the psychological needs of an employee are satisfying, as the working environment is very informal and friendly. The employees have a direct communication at their workplace. O2 provides employment opportunities by introducing them to numerous people thereby increasing their networks. This is one of the utmost motivating factors for an employee. On the other hand, O2 is unable to fully satisfy the physiological needs of an employee. According to the structured interview (Exhibit 1), Mr. Abimbola claims that there are various benefits provided to him such as 25% discount on handsets, vouchers for retail stores such as River Island and Top man, pension schemes, eye test, 28 days annual leave and various other benefits for friends and family. However, he is not satisfied with these perks and tends to compare them with the benefits provided by other organisations. They look up to organisations like Virgin, which provides a lot of additional benefits such as good commissions and free holidays. GOAL SETTING THEORY Setting specific goals and targets give a direction to the work achieved by an employee. O2 provide Mr Abimbola an estimate of the task that he is expected to achieve. Once he is committed to the goal, he makes sure to achieve it. Thereby it can be said that goals are a great source of motivation for an employee. Moreover, setting difficult goals make an employee put in a 100% effort and results in better performance and higher productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.219). In this organisation, the staffs are included in setting of the goals. According to the interview (see exhibit 1) these goals are revised and reset every three months. However, O2 maintains a policy of setting up very challenging targets but also making sure that they are attainable. This way of functioning makes the job very stressful for the employees; nevertheless it also improves their overall productivity and performance. Justification of the choice After analysing the interview of Mr Abimbola, it appears that he is not satisfied with the perks and benefits that O2 have been offering during his time of working for the company. Due to this, his physiology needs were not fully met. Mr Ademola states that he admires mobile companies such as Virgin, who provide far more benefits such as joining UK Tribe, which is joined by only employees of Virgin and provides them numerous deals and offers. Recommendations such as vouchers for retail stores should be exchange with a discount card of a certain percent off, discount on travel insurance, discount on holidays, discount on restaurants and bars and discount on leisure and amusement organisations such as Alton Towers and Madame Tussauds. These recommendations should be reinforced with the benefits that the staffs of O2 are currently receiving. With these changes, the job performances of the staff in O2 will enhance, providing them motivation in providing good service and most importantly satisfying their physiology needs. The addition of the recommended benefits should not give a negative effect to the performances of the staff. However the employer should not provide too many goals and targets that are not attainable by the staff. Even though according to the Goal Setting Theory, setting difficult goals can make an employee put in a 100% effort and result in better performance and higher productivity, setting over the extreme difficult goals can cause the staff to not achieve the goals, which will result in bad performances and lower productivity. O2 is one of UKs leading providers of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses. 2. According to O2, they had more than 40 million fixed and mobile customers across Europe and in the UK they have 18.4 million customers. So with these facts, the opportunity of employing extra benefits for their staff is possible. With their high and impressive reputation, O2 can negotiate deals with other organizations to implement discounts for their staff. If O2 can invest money and time to ensure that these extra benefits are made for their staff, they will witness a soar in work performance from their staff and overall productivity. Consequence of the change Based on the preferred changes that have taken action, the employees should be satisfied with their psychological and physiological needs, leading them to succeed and to achieve the goals set by the O2. Satisfying the employees needs will increase their work performance and work commitment. At the same time, O2 should witness a soar in work performance from their employees and their overall productivity. However, everything could be double edge sword, as the changes are applied, there are resistance problems which will rise in the process of implementing new changes which may result in change failure or even a negative effect on both employees and O2. Resistance to changes According to Mr Abimbola, it is not ambiguous to see that he resisted against potential changes. The possible action he may take to resist the change will be meeting up with other employees in his working environment and negotiate with his manager. Although he believes that most of the other employees in O2 will accept potential changes in the future, it is considered that Mr. Abimbola will not be the only one who resists changes in working environment. Resistance to changes usually exist in organisations, that are threats to the originations, and every firm is striving to overcome them. Researchers are also working hard in find a way to minimise the resistance. Richard Derwent Cooke (2009), who is a specialist in developing and implementing plans for deflating resistance, developed a framework to overcome resistance to changes, which is shown below (Figure 1): Cooke (2009) stated that in order to deflate the resistance of change, the managers should understand what causes the resistance to occur. There are different reasons why people resist changes, they are differentiated regarding to industries, job position, place, time and many other aspects. Hellriegel and Slocum (2007) Suggested that there are two types of resistance in the organisation which are individual resistance and organisation resistance. According to this case, individual resistance is the key situation for O2. These two authors list six common reasons why people resist changes: the first one is perception; second is personality; and job habit could be one reason. However, the most 3 common reasons are: Threats of power and influence, and fear of unknown, as well as economic reason (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2007). According to the situation, Cookes framework of method is considered to be the appropriate solution for the case of O2s situation. Therefore, in this case what the manager needs to do is to understand the reason behind the resistance. However, in order to do this, the manager needs to communicate with his subordinates and listen to what they think of the change. Finally the manager should do something in response to solve the problems, such as make employees know what exactly will happen if the changes take place or the manager could guarantee employees in advance with certain unchanged after change. PART B INTRODUCTION In order to understand the differences of the work environment in India, we proposed to conduct a structured interview of a sales advisor in Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. The basis of the interview was the same that was conducted for the sales advisor at O2 Company. This allowed us to compare and understand the way of working and applied culture for the same job role in India. JOB DESCRIPTION According to the structured interview conducted, the job of Mr Mayur Goyal is to achieve the required sales target and deal with the queries of the customers approaching him. The daily duty of the sales advisor in the UK (O2) is similar to the daily duty of the sales advisor in India (Airtel) (see exhibit 3). THEORIES OF MOTIVATION HERZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY According to Herzberg two factor theory, Mr Mayur Goyal is satisfied with the kind of working environment which can be also seen from the interview conducted (see exhibit 3). The communication between the management is followed by a rigid hierarchy and is not comfortable. According to Handy (1996), the working environment is categorised a Role Culture which involves getting the targets achieved quickly and creatively. The operations are carried out by following a certain set of rules and regulation as decided by the company. The communication between the management is complex where they can not directly reach the mangers. Head of Department Team manager Sales Assistant On the other hand, the working environment in O2 is categorised as Task Culture where the targets are achieved quickly and creatively. Moreover the communication between the management is flexible. In other words, the lower management staff can directly approach and communicate the manager. Sales Assistant Head of Department Salary and benefits are one of the crucial internal factors in any organisation as mentioned in the Herzbergs two factor theory environment (Robbins and Judge, 2001). As for the interview conducted in India, Mr Mayur is not satisfied with the kind of salary offered by Airtel but is satisfied with the benefits (see exhibit 2). Whereas on the other hand, Mr Abimbola at O2 is satisfied with the salary offered but he would like to have increased margin of commission and also the increase in the benefits from the company. Moreover as seen from exhibit 1 Mr. Abimbola says that there is lack of staff, due to which the work load increases. This makes the job tedious and the efficiency as a whole reduces. On the other hand, Mr Mayur works efficiently as there is appropriate staff. Hence it makes it easier for him to achieve targets. Hence it can be concluded team work is an important aspect of the internal environment of Herzberg which results in motivation at job. JOB DESIGN The structured interview (exhibit 2) shows that Mr. Mayur has no pressure of working environment, moreover he achieves more than the desired targets. Hence it clearly shows that there isnt any work load on Mr Mayur. In addition, he is working in the industry since 3 years and yet was not given any kind of promotional benefits. Ironically, although the job of Mr Abimbola is target oriented and he struggles with the kind of load set to him due to the shortage of staff as said by him in exhibit 1. Still Mr Abimbola claims to be satisfied from the working environment and also with the kind of responsibilities and benefits provided to him (exhibit 1). Hence it can be observed though the job is same in both the countries, but the working environment is satisfying in UK as compared to India. GOAL SETTING As seen Goal Setting deals in identifying of various goals that are effective in producing the improved levels of motivation and performance in a job environment (Locke, 1968). According to exhibit 1 and 2 it can be clearly seen that the jobs of both sales advisor are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time Bound. Therefore it can be concluded that both are given a similar type of goals to achieve but, Mr. Mayur completes more than the desired targets set to him giving an optimistic opportunity if compared to the job design of Mr. Abimbola. Hence it can be assumed that Mr. Mayur is more motivated and focused towards his job as compared to Mr. Abimbola. As seen in exhibit 1 Mr Abimbola is given a responsibility of getting involved in setting of the targets with his managers but if compared with Mr. Mayur the case is not the same. Therefore it is observed that there is a communication gap between Mr. Mayur and his managers. As a result he cannot provide any suggestions or recommendation in the setting of targets. Therefore in conclusion from above analyses of theories, it can be stated that there is a difference in organisation structure. In other words Indian job environment is functional structured organisation where there is inappropriate communication due to rigid hierarchy. Whereas the UK environment is a Boundary less structure organisation where the chains of command are eliminated and this results in flexibility. Conclusion The case study majorly considers the different ways in which the work motivation of employees doing a job role can be improved to lead to increased job satisfaction and work performance. It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. The theories that were used in the research are Herzberg Two factor theory of Motivation, Job Design theory and Goal setting theory of Motivation. With these theories we made recommendations and the results showed that following these theories increases the job satisfaction and work performance of employees. In addition the similar kind of job was taken into consideration in India, and studied the cultural differences in the motivating factor of both the jobs of a same kind but in a different working environment. After the analysis conducted by the use of motivational theories, it was experienced that there was a magnificent amount of culture difference in the job. As a conclusion we can say that the UK job was more satisfying in terms of exposure and responsibilities to be performed in the job as compared to Indian environment which had satisfied Mr. Abimbolas psychological and physiological needs.

A Comparison of A Midsummer Nights Dream and Romeo and Juliet :: comparison compare contrast essays

Various parallels in Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream tend to support the theory   that the two plays are closely related. It is the purpose of this paper to show that wherever parallels exist, the relationship is probably from A Midsummer Night's Dream to Romeo and Juliet. A close analysis of the spirit of the two plays, and of the different attitudes towards love and life that they present, leads us to the conclusion that A Midsummer   Night's Dream is the natural reaction of Shakespeare's mind from Romeo and Juliet.    It will be unnecessary in this paper to present all the evidence bearing on the dates of composition of the two plays.   There can be little doubt that the first version of Romeo and Juliet appeared about 1591.   The date of the first version of the Dream is more problematical.   The only bit of external evidence is the mention of the play in Francis Meres's2 Palladis Tamiain 1598, but the strongest bit of internal evidence-the supposed reference to the death of Robert Greene, in Act v, I, 52-3:    The thrice three Muses mourning for the death Of Learning, late deceased in beggary--       would fix the date at 1592-3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assuming, then, that the Dream was written soon, perhaps immediately, after Romeo and Juliet, let us see if a comparative study of the two plays will not support our hypothesis.    Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, Turn melancholy forth to funerals       says Theseus in the first scene of the Dream, and later in the first scene of Act v:    Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend More than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact       These two speeches of Theseus, to whom Shakespeare has given much of his own clear-eyed serenity and benignity, are, it seems to me, significant manifestations of the poet's own mental attitude when he

Essay --

In the late 1980s, the United States faced the first ever possible threat of creating invincible guns; an Austrian was intercepted in the airport carrying a fabricated Glock (type of handgun). The fabricated Glock is composed of strengthen plastic that was meant to defy airport metal detector. In result congress passed the undetectable gun ban. Although, the federal aviation administration concluded that the Glock wasn’t deemed such a threat at moment it was inevitable that we may face it again in the future. Today, on the twentieth century on May 10 2013 a student Cody Wilson was able to create an undetectable gun through the use of 3D printers, the Gun composed of variety of devices out of thousands of compressed plastics. It was reviewed and concluded operational; the firearm enthusiast student at age 25 was able to create a handgun model known as the Liberator that fires eight rounds. In a couple of months Cody Wilson was able to build not only handguns but as well as high powered rifles such as the semi-automatic AR-15 from a 3D printer as well and possessed the same qualities as the liberator. Ironically, the AR-15 was the same weapon used in the Sandy hook shooting in Connecticut. Although no source can be found in the internet that the weapon had a connection with the enthusiasts creation, it is inevitable that 3D printing was expected to come about. It was first introduce for entertainment purpose with the use of the television but it was not expected to be used to create weapons. Like any other innovation there will always be pros and cons, the positive and negative in Cody Wilsons case, he has brought in our nation an opportunity for evolution towards the way weapons are created. A technology that may strengthen our ar... ...eate an interruption to this policies, as of now a current bill is in process of banning magazines that can hold more than 10 rounds, a New York times journalist suggest with the progression of technology, in the next ten years the average household will no longer be for anything that can be manufactured through their 3D printer, which makes the possibilities limitless. In conclusion, the 3D printing can be compared to a double edge sword, depending on to whom the technology falls on, will determine the future. Though, it is convincing that such technology in the market will only take time before it falls to the wrong hands. Nonetheless, appropriate laws and guidelines are must in order to prevent such catastrophic event. As much as this technology may possess a threat to everyone, I am convinced that the 3D printing technology will lead humanity in a bright future.

Personal Experience Essay -- Learning Education Teacher Essays

Personal Experience I have had the great opportunity to be apart of a great program and class at college. Most of us who are going to become teachers know about this class and the required 80 hours of volunteering at a middle school for a semester. I was eager to volunteer, because I have experience in working with middle school kids. The school I work for, has prepared me to handle school aged kids, so I was relying on my background to carry me though the semester at a new Middle school. The privileges of a private school are a lot different from an inner city school. When I began to volunteer at Baker I was shocked to discover that the students were not allowed to take books home to finish their school work. When it came time to read a book the teacher would distribute the books to the students, but then recollect them afterwards. At Denver Academy, the teachers purchase and distribute the books to the class and the students get to keep the books forever. I was about to find out how hard it is for these students to be motivated to attend school everyday when these kids are lacking a stable environment. I was leaving my comfort zone to enter an entirely different type of school environment. The first day of my volunteering at Baker middle school was filled with apprehension, because I was entering an entirely new situation and leaving the safety of Denver Academy behind. As I walked into the classroom, it was as if there were a hundred eyes staring in my direction. As quickly as the stares came, they went away as if I was not even there anymore. I could only imagine what kind of thoughts and questions were going through their heads. I’m sure the first question would be why... ... lot they can learn from the students a Baker, because even though some of the students don’t care about education. There are some students who do, and they are given the tools they need to make it through. The students at Baker are just happy to have someone show an interest in what they are doing. I saw it in their eyes when I gave them praise on something they did during the time I was there. That praise can carry a student along way which to me is rewarding in it self. I can only hope that the time I spent with these students can encourage at least a few to continue on the academic path and make a name for them selves later in life. These kids deserve every opportunity we can give them and I am proud to be a piece of the big picture. We can only guess how hard it is for these students, so let’s make sure we give them a safe and helping hand along the way.

Computer Viruses: What are They? Essay

Over the past few years, computer viruses has gotten a lot of press attention. According to Levin, There has been quite an outbreak over the last decade and number of viruses grow by the minute. (Levin 5) FExperts estimated that the Mydoom worm infected approximately a two hundred and fifty thousand workstations in January, 2004. Back in March 1999, the infamouse Melissa virus forced Microsoft and a number of very large companies to completely turn off their email systems. The ILOVEYOU virus in 2000 had a similarly devastating effect. Quite surprising, seeming that both the Melissa and the ILOVEYOU viruses are considered by professionals as incredibly simple. (HowStuffWorks) Unfortunately, a lot of material have been sensationalized, and garbled such as reports that every computer in Seattle has a virus. (Fites Johnston, Kratz 7) Many also mistakenly believe that computer viruses employ artificial intelligence or are electronic lifeforms. Another popular belief is that Viruses can operate even with the power turned off. Levin 5) In reality, computer viruses do not spread like the common cold. They are not intelligent; they do not hold personal grudges against you; and it is not very difficult to avoid most exposures. But there have been, and there are now, some pretty nasty viruses floating around people’s computers. (Fites, Johnston, Kratz 7-8) In a nutshell, computer Viruses are computer software programs, just as word processors, spreadsheets, database managers, and so on are also computer programs. This means that they are simply lists of instructions that tell computers what action to execute and precisely when to execute them. They are designed to operate in a manner diametrically opposed to virtually all legitimate software programs. (Levin 6-7) This basically means that they load and run without the user/victim’s request, and also without warning the user of possible devastating consequences to his computer. They hide inside programs called host programs and run when the hosts are run. They are designed to operate secretly so that their missions can be accomplished without, and not be compromised by, user input. (Levin 7) A virus is capable of many things some of which might corrupt, delete or even format your hard disk drive. The newer viruses use the email service to send copies of itself to all the contacts of the victim’s list. We assume a tripartite model of a virus structure; that is we assume up to three main component mechanisms. Infection refers to the way a virus spreads around. This is actually the only mechanism that is mandatory if the program is to be defined as viral; the two other mechanisms are both optional. Payload refers to what the virus does aside from replication. Lastly the trigger is the routine that decides whether now is the time to deliver the payload. Take note that we are viewing a simplified model of a virus, in some circumstances the dissemination of the viral program itself maybe described as the payload. If the virus is at all selective about the circumstance under which it will attempt to infect; then the infection also incorporates a trigger mechanism. (Harley, Slade, Gattiker 7) How then do these dreadful viruses spread around? A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other workstations by infecting files on a network or files that can be accessed by another user. (Wikipedia) With the advent of cheap broadband internet and e-mail connectivity, viruses these days also have found new ways to spread themselves with much more ease. Nowadays, viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages or instant messaging messages. That is why it is essential that you never open e-mail attachments especially executables unless you are specifically expecting it. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in downloadable software or other files or programs you might have access to. (Microsoft) Computer viruses on the media tend to grab our attention. On one hand, viruses show us how completely vulnerable we are. A properly engineered virus can have amazing and devastating effects on the Internet. On the other hand, they show how sophisticated and interconnected human beings have become. (HowStuffWorks) Bibliography â€Å"Computer Virus† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia August 2007 Wikipedia August 28, 2007 Marshall Brain â€Å"How Computer Viruses Work† How Stuff Works How Stuff Works August 27, 2007 Urs Gattiker, David Harley, and Robert Slade Viruses Revealed New York: McGraw Hill 1990 Philip Fites, Peter Johnston, and Martin Kratz The Computer Virus Crisis New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1992. Richard B. Levin The Computer Virus Handbook New York: McGraw Hill 1990 â€Å"What is a Computer Virus? † Microsoft. com October 23,2006 Microsoft Inc. August 27, 2007

Pragmatic Accounting Essay

There is no generally accepted theory of accounting. There are a number of accounting theories (though a systematic attempt has been made by Financial Accounting Board (FASB) of USA and IASC and other to formulate a comprehensive theory of accounting). The definition of Accounting Theory given by Hendriksen as â€Å"a set of broad principles that (i) provide a general frame of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated, and (ii) guide the development of new practices and procedures† lead us to perceive accounting theory as a basis of explanation and prediction. The primary objective of accounting theory, as it follows from this definition, is to provide a coherent set of logically derived principles that serve as a frame of reference for explanation/prediction of accounting events and behavior. Classification of Accounting Theories There are several ways of classifying accounting theories. They may be classified, for example, according to time e. g. steward accounting, decision usefulness accounting, and accountability or societal responsibility accounting. Other ways of classifying theories can be (i) Inductive versus deductive, and (ii) normative versus positive. Glautier and Underdown are of the view that the roots of accounting theory are decision theory, measurement theory, and informational theory. Hendirksen says that â€Å"a useful frame of reference is to classify theories according to prediction levels† there are, according to him, three main levels of theory. The levels are as follows: 1) Structural or syntactical theories. 2) Interpretational or semantical theories. 3) Behavioural or pragmatic theories. Behavioral or pragmatic theories: These theories emphasize the behavioural or decision-oriented effects of accounting reports and statements. It has been noted that accounting is now regarded as a process of measurement and reporting information to the users- internal and external. Since 1945 onwards it is being realized that accounting is useful not merely to assess the result of past performance but also that it can be more useful in decision making by the management , shareholder, creditor, present and potential investors, government and others. The objective of accounting now is not only to provide information to management for decision making. Outsider interested individual and groups of individuals are also supplied necessary and timely information for making rational decisions. The focus is on relevance of information being communicated to decision makers and the behavior of different users as a result of presenting of accounting information, e. g. an effort to and be made to find out the extent to which security prices reflect fully and promptly all available information or what is the impact of providing price-adjusted accounting information during inflation on decision makers. It can thus, be seen that in recent times communication-decision orientation has been emphasized in the development of accounting theories. Behavioural theories attempt to measure and evaluate the economic, psychological and sociological effect of alternative accounting procedures and reporting media. ACCOUNTING is utilitarian. It represents a response to needs. The measure of its achievements at any point in time and in any particular context is the extent of this response to the needs of that particular time in that particular context. Underlying accounting standards represent the concept of usefulness. The truth of this is evident in the decision-oriented accounting which forms such a large part of the accounting task. The accounting required to satisfy the demands of stewardship, law and regulation, and reporting minima, forms only a minor part of modern data processing and information systems. The detailed classifications and task-oriented analyses which are a feature of the modern system are justified only by their capacity to provide at the margin a value in excess of the incremental cost. Management needs information to use as a basis for decision-making. The value we are concerned with is value to management  An accounting system accumulating, classifying, analyzing and relating both financial and statistical data is the major source of managerial information. In the first place there is the value of the record itself. It is necessary to have ready access to facts, and reliable evidence of facts. For example, detailed and verifiable records of debtors’ current accounts are essential. In the second place, there is value in the analysis of the results of past activity and past decisions, particularly if this can be related to standards and to individual responsibilities. Finally, there is value in data classified and accumulated for the purposes of projection. There is truth in the criticism that we are a long way from using the economic potential of electronic computers in the business sphere, and that the future will see an increasing use of computers in the scientific projection of past data to provide a constantly updated guide for managerial planning. Administrative accounting is a response to managerial needs. It is economic only insofar as it provides, at the margin, value at least equal to cost. It follows that, in the rapidly changing scene which is typical of today, there is a need for a continual reassessment of needs, of responses, and of economics. It follows too that the administrative accountant is concerned not just with meeting general needs typical of the particular type of enterprise, but also the particular needs of those responsible for administering the particular enterprise. Finally, the administrative accounting that is done in a specific enterprise is the concern of the management of that enterprise rather than of the accountancy profession. Accounting is a system-centered activity carried out to meet particular needs. But a study through time, and a study of systems in widely varying enterprises, reveal the existence of some broad needs and the development of some common methods and generally accepted standards in the meeting of those needs. In their valuable study of accounting continuity,’ Littleton and Zimmerman have traced three general and continuing needs which have been and continue to be the concern of accounting: 1. The need to record in order to report. This is the concept of stewardship; but is concerned too with the need for dependable facts. . The need to audit in order to trust. This is the concept of verification, ex-pressed in the modern context in the auditing function. 3. The need to analyze in order to understand. The need to interpret, they suggest, is the greatest of these needs, and by corollary the most important of the accounting tasks. Its systematic implementation is through classification, analysis, and comparison. Common needs might well be expected to stimulate common responses, though environmental factors will lead to differences in these responses. Double entry accounting has been one such response, and its value is evidenced by its continuity after some six hundred years of experience. The social need for reliability and comparability of accounting reports has led to the concepts of â€Å"general acceptance† and â€Å"the true and fair view. † But both methods and concepts require continuing’ review to determine, in a changing world, the extent to which they are meeting both broad needs and particular needs. Many accountants would maintain that the time honored double entry system, fundamentally based on flows of historic costs, is in-adequate to meet the needs of the modern era. The Accounting: The Survival of Satisfactory The accounting bequeathed to us today as a gift from yesterday exemplified a response to past needs; but not necessarily of the â€Å"a survival satisfactory. One must ask the questions â€Å"Satisfactory to whom? † and â€Å"Satisfactory for what purpose? If standards are to have a sharp cutting edge, then they need to be concerned with the particular needs of particular individuals or groups. The broader the group, and the more diverse the needs, the less incisive and useful are the standards. â€Å"Fairness to all† and â€Å"general acceptance† tend to reflect custom and com-promise. Such concepts are not without value-the same value as Common Law has in our legal system. But where there is a potential towards bias, where there are vested interests, social interests, and interests requiring the protection of society the law tends to be more specific. And this is the situation in the external reporting field which is the particular concern of the accountancy profession. One result is that professional pronouncements on controversial matters have tended to lack clear definition and to give tacit acceptance to what Leonard Spacek has called â€Å"double standards. Another result is that the reaction of accounting practice in re-porting to changing needs has tended to be very slow, and to receive its main stimulation from disaster rather than from the evolutionary process envisaged by Little-ton and Zimmerman. Let us assume that we have overcome the problem of definition of â€Å"the satisfactory. † What conditions are necessary for the timely emergence of the satisfactory? I suggest that it requires a regular critical examination of current needs, objectives, standards, compromises, methods and rules, with an adequate testing of new concepts and methods. The basis for testing should be the closeness of approach to the revised objectives, and the practicality and economics of the change (considered in the very broad sense). In fact our re-examination have tented to be spasmodic and uncritical. That testing is inadequate is clearly by the evidence negative reaction to the suggestion that supplementary statements be published, incorporating price level changes. Firm objectives to use as a basis for judgment are at least not clearly expressed-if they are expressed at all.

Labels

Alex George-Hampton Hour: 3 Labels Some argue that labels are critical to language and communication. Labeling is describing someone or something in a short phrase or word. Labels can be used to represent good things, and help characterize people and things. All languages use labels, because without them it would be very difficult to describe certain people or things. When explaining what someone looks like its almost impossible to not use labels. Short, tall, skinny, fat, longhaired, pretty, etc. are all labels. Without these types of labels we would have to use exact information to describe what a person looks like, instead of using a word or short phrase. Labels help simplify our social world, by reducing the amount of processing we do when meeting a new person The problem with labels is that they are based on assumptions. Labels are judgmental, and are created by opinions and beliefs. We willingly accept these labels as statements without evidence of them being true.These assumpt ions become stereotypes, which can become put-downs. Everyone is exposed to some form of labeling and stereotypes throughout his or her life. Labels quickly lead to name-calling and verbal abuse. Stereotypes are often based on race but can also refer to intelligence, religion, age, sexual orientation, etc. Most stereotypes are intended to give off a negative impression. Social categorization is developed from labels and stereotypes, which is a big reason for prejudice attitudes.Stereotypes are so common that it is likely to not even recognize them when they occur in everyday life. There are positive stereotypes, but negative stereotypes seem far more common. . A disadvantage to labels is that they make us ignore the difference amongst individuals, causing us to believe what isn’t necessarily true. Work cited: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Labeling_theory http://www. simplypsychology. org/katz-braly. html http://www. colorado. edu/conflict/peace/problem/stereoty. htm

Conserve and Preserve Essay

With today’s growing population, resource consumption is becoming a huge concern. It is important that humans realize what is best for both our present and future generation, and what is best for our planet. We must preserve certain areas from being destroyed to keep their natural beauty. We should also conserve resources, so they can continue to flourish, but also so we can continue to live our lives without depleting these resources. Every individual unit of the environment works together to maintain a balance that supports the cycle of life. Humans must co-exist in a positive way with these units. We should live in a way that does not exploit any part of nature. We should not only respect and sustain the environment for our own benefit and for future generations, but also because nature itself is good on its own. When looking at preservation and conservation, there is not one that is better the other. Like many other rules and sets of standards, there are exceptions. Preservation is the action of protecting a certain thing or area completely. Conservation is a form of preservation, where we can use a particular resource or portion of land, in this case, but it is used sparingly and sustainably. There are certain situations where preserving something is beneficial. Then there are other situations where conserving something would be better for a larger number of living things. It would be ideal to say that we should strive to preserve nature in all scenarios but that is not a practical approach because there are certain needs that we as human beings have to fulfill that we can only get from nature. Certain medicines that keep people alive can be found in nature. If for instance a plant has the ability to save someone’s life, then it would be acceptable to cut that plant down to help heal the patient. There are some exceptions to this of course. It would be wrong to cut down the plant if it was unable to be replaced. The plant should be plentiful and able to thrive as a species before we use it to help our own species. For the most part, humans are put on a higher scale than some other species. This is not to say that we should disregard those species or over-use them, but if it came down to a life or death situation for a person, using the plant would be ethical. There are other scenarios in which preservation would be a better approach. An example of this is mountaintop removal. It does not seem ethical to be destroying such a beautiful object that forms naturally just so that we can have access to coal seams. The coal extracted from the mountain is only beneficial for a certain amount of time but the negative consequences from the whole process will be felt a lot longer (Copeland). Even though the mountain itself since it is not a living, breathing organism, it is important to respect the natural beauty of the mountain. The animals and plants that may reside on the mountain are also affected by this, and that should be taken into consideration. Another example of a time when it is best to preserve is in the case of an endangered organism. Say for instance that a certain tree is being cut down at an alarming rate to make paper. The tree will cease to exist if we continue at the rate that we are going. Then we should stop all chopping down of that particular tree. We should preserve it and allow it to continue to live, not just so that in the future we still have that tree around to produce more paper, but because it is a living thing that has value on its own. Our population is growing, and we have to figure out the best way to use our resources. Garrett Hardin also recognizes this as a problem in his essay â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics†, but takes the stance that if we help the poor people; we are hurting them in the long run. He believes that the biggest factor for overpopulation is the fact that poor countries multiply and increase their population at a much faster rate than countries that are predominately rich. Because of this, the problems associated with too many people in one area will continue to grow larger. This is because rich countries have the resources to support their people more so than the poorer countries that cannot even begin to help their people (Hardin). Getting food is a major concern of many people who think that overpopulation is becoming a problem. Hardin also recognizes this as a problem, but takes the stance that if we help the poor people; we are hurting them in the long run. Conservation becomes important when taking the population into consideration. Overpopulation will have a large impact on the environment because there will obviously be more of a need for basic elements such as water, food, and shelter. With more people demanding food, more livestock will need to be bred; more fruits and vegetables will need to be grown. With more people demanding shelter, more land will need to be plowed in order to build houses. With more people on the earth demanding water, more freshwater sources will be dried up. Not only are the necessities factored into the problem but with more people, all the luxuries and small things will add up also. There will be a higher demand of medicines, paper, and other goods that we can get from nature. The increase of human life will create a huge blow for the environment. It is important that we prevent our world from becoming a commons open to everyone, where people use their resources foolishly and greedily. Since people are part of the whole equation that makes up the environment, we should care and respect others. However, in feeding the poor, they do not realize their problems and continue to reproduce, thus putting them and the country in a deeper hole. This too has an effect on the environment because in the search for food, people do things that do not support a sustainable cycle. An example of this is the fact that since there are more people and getting meat to them is a long process, factory farms have taken the place of actual farms. Animals are now bred to grow faster and jacked up with hormones in an attempt to get them to the slaughterhouse faster so that the demands of consumers can be met. Also in order to keep up with more people, that means that there must be more animals to begin with. Livestock are crowded into small cages where they are unable to turn around, they are not able to live with their young, they pick up diseases and many other problems arise from this. This affects the life of the livestock obviously, but also affects the life of the consumer who then eats the meat. It is understandable that individuals want to eat meat because they say it tastes good, it is high in protein, and it’s convenient as well. However, the way that humans do it is immoral and wrong. We do not give the animals any chance of survival or even a chance at life to begin with. It would be more justifiable for people to go out and hunt their meat like people used to do. Then the animals would be able to live a normal life up until they were killed. This would also cut down on the air pollution that comes from factory farms, reduce the amount of water that is needed to produce meat, reduce the amount of crop space that is needed to feed the livestock, and reduce the amount of drugs that the consumer also eats after the animals are fed them. This brings the argument back around to the fact that the population is growing and that there are starving people all around the world. If reduced their consumption meat, then there would not be as big of a need for livestock. Thus the crops that are grown to feed the cows could be fed to the people who need it. We could also stop cutting down trees and destroying forests that is normally needed in order to make room for all that food that needs to be produced. Around the world 756 million tons of grain is fed to livestock and almost half of the 225 million tons of soy that is produced yearly also goes to feed the animals that we eat (USDA). These crops could be used to feed people in starving countries. It could affect the lives of people right here in America. Our population is growing very quickly and resources are becoming scarcer every day. We should want to preserve and conserve the natural world around us. Whether a person believes that another living thing has rights or not, they should still treat it with respect and care. One person or a small group of people should not make the ultimate decisions on what is considered worthy of life or unworthy. If people took the time to consider the feelings and consideration of the living things in nature, the world would be a better place not just for us now, but for future generations.

Open Source Software Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Open Source Software - Research Paper Example A group of people suggested the replacement of the term free software with the term open source software (OSS) in the year 1998 because the latter was more convenient and less vague for the corporate world as compared to the former. The benefit of publishing a software with the license of an open source software is that it allows everybody to understand the way the software functions and in turn, develop a similar software. The open source software offers much more flexibility as compared to other kinds of software in that the users can modify the open source software, port the software to the processor architects, advertise the software, market it, and share it with other users. The Open Source Initiative publishes a document titled â€Å"The Open Source Definition† which defines the criteria for the labeling of a software license as the open source, so that the software may acquire the certification mark of open source. There is an open source philosophy ingrained in the ope n source definition. It defines several aspects of the open source software that include but are not limited to the terms of usage, terms of modification, as well as the principles of redistribution of the software. Numerous licenses of open source software are included in the Open Source Definition. An example of these licenses is the GNU General Public License (GPL) that grants the users the right to distribute the software freely provided that any modifications and developments are included in the same license.  ... â€Å"The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time† (opensource.org, n.d.). With the open source distribution, a product’s source code becomes accessible to the public whereas such access can be fine tuned by the authors using the open source licenses. Classification of OSS The OSS can be broadly classified into three main types namely Vendor OSS, Community OSS, and Hybrid OSS. Vendor OSS The Vendor OSS is also known as Community based OSS. This is a type of OSS that is mainly made and produced by a company. In a vast majority of cases, the vendor of this software develops a product’s version that exists in a community edition and can be downloaded free of cost. There is no support with the community edition and its functionality is lesser than that of the commercial version, that is also known as the Enterprise version or the Professional version. The examples of Vendor OSS include but are not limited to Jaspersoft, BonitaSoft, SugarCRM, Inforbright, and Talend. â€Å"Talend's data integration solutions provide a powerful set of tools to meet any integration requirement, from basic transformations to the most complex operational integration issues, data migration & capture, as well as data replication, synchronization and application upgrades† (Talend, 2012). Community Based OSS As the name implies, there is a community of people that develops and manages the Community Based OSS. In most of the cases, the software is developed by a group of people in the community, that can be joined by anyone. The examples of this type of software include Netscape, GNU Compiler Collection, and

Strategic management analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic management analysis - Essay Example The company is the largest coffee chain store in the world and has its operations in 61 countries with more than 20000 stores. The product portfolio of Starbucks includes hot and cold drinks, sandwiches, coffee beans, snacks, pastries, etc. The company has its foundation in Seattle long time back in 1971 as a roaster and retailer of local coffee bean and has expanded to a large extent since then. The company is the market leader in its coffee segment and its basic strategies are competence based strategy and the focus strategy based on which it adds value to its products and establishes the image of luxury and elegance (About Us 2012). The report presents the strategic management analysis of Starbucks considering its international segment out of the three segments. The country chosen in its international segment is UK. Starbucks entered the UK market in 1998 with the investment of $83 million and launch of more than 60 stores (Lussier 2008). The present coffee shop market environment of UK is very competitive with presence of multiple players in the market including branded coffee shops, independent retail stores and small coffee stores presenting a tough competition to Starbucks (Weston 2009). The report analyses the external environment of Starbucks with respect to UK coffee market, strategic capability of the company and the strategic fit with the help of suitable models such as Porter’s five forces, value chain analysis and PESTEL analysis. Task A (1): Analysis of Starbucks external environment Macro-environment: PESTEL Analysis Political: Impact 3 of 5- Coffee beans is grown in the developing countries. The major aspects about which the discussions keep going on in the UK political environment are work conditions and child labor. The political influence is also high through tariffs and taxes (Press Release – Project Cafe11 UK 2011). Economic: Impact 4 of 5-The major business challenge for the industry as a whole is related to the economic rec ession of 2008. Owing to the recession period, consumers have become much more cautious with their discretionary expenditures due to the presence of high unemployment and debts on individuals (Weston 2009). Socio-cultural: Impact 5 of 5- People in UK spends more and more on coffee. It is included in their trend to go out and have a cup of coffee. The expenditure on tea by UK people is 623 million pounds, while on coffee it is 738 million pounds. Customers visit the coffee shops not only for having a coffee drink but also for sitting down and have a relaxed time out of their daily hectic routine (The Future of the Coffee Market 2012). Technological: Impact 4 of 5- Technology has become advanced as better as well as cheaper coffee machines are available to make a good coffee at home, for instance Senseo. Environmental: Impact 3 of 5- There is a considerable increase in the environmental awareness due to which coffee companies in UK have to remain concerned about the way their coffee b eans are produced and roasted, the way of the designing of the supply chain and the manner in which they prepare and finally sell their coffee products (Weston 2009). Legal: Impact 3 of 5-

Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing - Term Paper Example After Abraham Lincoln making Thanksgiving an official national holiday, 70 years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the date (which had been set to be the last Thursday of November) because of the complaints that the Christmas shopping season was short. Since then a lot of changes have taken place (MONEY CRASHERS). Between 1993 and 2001, the Black Friday ranked either fifth or sixth busiest shopping day. However, since 2002, it has taken and maintained the lead. Inasmuch as Black Friday may be the most publicized commercial day of the year, it does not make good business sense. It increases retailers’ civil liability as a lot of injuries are encountered and even some shoppers succumb to death due stampede that normally ensues. The Black Friday websites keeps track and compiles the statistics on the injuries and death that occur on this day. According to this websites, the first death, resulting from this fanaticism, was in 2008 at Walmart in Valley Stream. Other such case has continued to be observed over the years (BACK FRIDAY). The expenses of these injuries and deaths have to be met by the shop owners. Besides increasing retailers’ liability due losses and injuries to shoppers, the very retailers stand at a risk of being injured. Over the years, reports of retailers killed by shoppers due to stampede have been reported. Additionally, Black Friday presents retailers as unethical and not concerned with consumers’ welfa re (BACK FRIDAY). By the fact that they keep on advertising this day to encourage consumers to shop, even after observing the negative implications of the same, it seems they are only interested in profits but not the wellbeing of the consumers. This damages retailers’ image thus killing public relations between consumers and retailers. Black Friday mainly makes use of price promotion. Great discount offers are allowed on products hence increasing high demand on commodities. However, unlike

Mutations of Drosophila Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mutations of Drosophila - Lab Report Example Life cycle of drosophila, from the egg stage to adult stage lasts for ten days at room temperature. Eggs are laid and hatched into first instars larvae. The larvae feed voraciously on the culture medium provided, and undergo several instars stages and finally the third instars larvae crawls up the sides of the bottle away from the culture medium. At this stage they stop and their larval cuticle hardens to form a dark brown pupa. Metamorphosis then takes place during this pupal stage, and larvae tissues disintegrate and restructure to form an adult fly within the pupal case. Adult fly thereafter emerge from the pupal case immediately the metamorphosis stage is completed. Wings then expand and dry up, the abdomen becomes curved while the body color becomes darker. Distinctions between male drosophila from female drosophila i. The male drosophila has a small, densely packed tuft of bristles called sex comb on the first pair of appendages, and a fringe of black bristle on the forelegs ii. Tips of the abdomen are elongated and somehow pointed in female drosophila and more rounded in male drosophila. iii. Abdomen of the female drosophila has many segments (7 in number), as compared to male drosophila with only five (5) segments. In this case study, the normal fly was categorized as a wild type while the other type of fly exhibiting a phenotypic mutation was categorized as mutants. Mutants were given names that denoted the type of mutation the fly exhibits. For instance, the mutant ebony had a much darker body than the wild type fly. Construction of a chromosome map in Drosophila A chromosome map was constructed form three breeding results using testcrosses that involved flies heterozygous at more than one locus, and taking into account the frequencies of crossover between the loci. Three loci on the second chromosome, an auto some, was chosen to for this experiment for the effect of body color, wing size, and eye color. Each locus had a wild type and mutant allele whose traits were as listed on the table below: Characteristic Chromosome Genes Body Color X Y = yellow body W= white eye V = vermilion (bright orange-red eye) M = miniature wings (wings go only to tip of abdomen) B = bar eyes (Semi-dominant in fem ale) narrow eye plus some double x-chromosomes mutants Wing shape 2 Ap = apterous (wingless) Dp = bumpy wings Vg = vestigial wings Bw = brown eye (dark red eye) Eye Color 3 Se = sepia eye (dark red eye) E = ebony body (dark body) Cross 1 Punnett square F1s CnBw Cnbw cnBw cnbw CnBw CnCn, BwBw CnCn, Bwbw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, Bwbw Cnbw CnCn, Bwbw CnCn, bwbw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, bwbw cnBw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, Bwbw cncn, BwBw cncn, Bwbw cnbw Cncn, Bwbw Cncn, bwbw cncn, Bwbw cncn, bwbw From the table above, a di-hybrid cross of each of the F1 parents produced four different gamete types contributing to 16 (4x4) possible offspring combinations. Because of the two different traits shown in the table above, there is complete dominance and separate independent of each other, and the expected genotypic and phenotypic rations from this analysis calculated is to be 9:3:3:1. It was examined that the inheritance of eyes color and wing shape by crossing two pure breeding straits of Drosophila melanogastern. Ph enotypes of the progeny are as shown below: Phenotypes Number of progeny Males Females Total Brown eyes 46 29 75 Red eyes 29 10 39 Orange eyes 18 7 25 139 Cross 2 DpX^wm DpX^wm dpX^wm dpX^wm DpX^wm DpDp,X^wmX^wm DpDp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm DpY DpDp, X^wmY DpDp,X^wmY Dpdp, X^wmY Dpdp, X^wmY dpX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm dpdp, X^wmX^wm dpdp,X^wmX^wm dpY Dpdp, X^wmY Dpdp